Before Installation of a PC

Before Assembling.......... Know the components

Did you try to assemble a PC?


Ever wondered whether you can assemble a system on your own?

I could say for sure you couldn't have tried it as you think it is as hard as performing a Micro-processor involved lab experiment. Yez!!!  It iz!!

But just with connecting and disconnecting, it makes your world easy when you face any hardware problems with your Desktop.

You can try once for sure, if you are sure enough that it gets you some experience even if you lose some bucks.

Coming to the part of assembling a system, you have the following list of things you got to get ready with before proceeding.

Tools

• Screw driver (both flat and star)
• Obviously a table which is optional
• A cutting plier to cut some pieces if required.

What about the parts of Computer

• Monitor (LCD or CRT)
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Cabinet
• two power cables
• UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply)

Most Important Parts

• Hard disk
•  DVD RW
•  RAM
•  Motherboard
• Micro processor
• Ethernet card
• connecting cables
• SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply)

 All these are to be fitted into the CPU (Central Processing Unit). And the main power supply is to be grounded to avoid short circuit damages.

The following are the pictures of the items required, that I have mentioned in the above list.

SMPS (Switched Mode Power Supply):

 This is the device that supplies power to the whole CPU. While for some SMPS' s there is a slot given to connect to monitor also.

Hard Disk:

This is the present generation hard disk The SATA Hard drive - which operates in serial and thus named after it. These hard disks are lower in cost than the previous Parallel ATA hard drives. These hard disks have good data transfer rate.

The SATA Data cable that is given to you along with the Hard disk to connect to the hard disk. The terminals normally look like this. The one end of this cable fits into the data transfer cable of the hard disk and the other end goes to the sata connector on the mother board.

The connection of the hard disk to the SATA cable is generally shown as below

                         

                                                                           SATA Cable

 Motherboard:

This is the motherboard which is called the HEART of the computer, where your calculations (2+1=?), 365*8658=? or what so ever are done through this motherboard. A processor is fit into this board into Socket A Connector.

Micro processor:
This is the brain of the CPU. All the calculations, and every process that is implemented in a computer undergoes the involvement of the microprocessor, generally called PROCESSOR. You have various types of processors depending upon your requirement like multimedia, software implementation, games, systems used for internet cafes, developing some application and so on. Each requirement comes up with one configuration in precise. But that much precision is not needed to be followed.

This chip is to be embedded into the Socket A Connector shown in the Motherboard picture very carefully, very very carefully.
Generally in any job, after improving your skillset, you will be habituated with the same work that you carry on. And so what you do later? The same work that you do daily which does not need any heating up of brains. But in a computer, you do the same work that you do daily, it needs to run its brain resulting in heating up of the processor. So it needs a coolant, that does not mean you put a coolant oil on that. There is a coolant device (heat sink) that blows air onto the processor which inturn cools the processor. You can find the coolant fan in th below picture. It is to be fitted with care.

OK,……  

Now you are familiar with something that runs your computer. Consider in your day to day life, What will be your routine from the time you wake up to the time you go to bed? you are going to do some things right!!!! if you do nothing daily, you are not considered a human.

So the daily routine will be done using your sub conscious mind since the total timetable is filed in your brain and all the routines will be done without any external input.

RAM:
In the same manner, for maximum all the processes that are implemented in a computer, their temporary addresses are stored in the small cache memory called RAM (Random Accessible Memory). The more the memory is, the more number of processes you can perform flexibly.

CD/DVD Drive:

Do you have DVDs to watch a movie in a computer and dont have a player to play the movies??? LOL thats very pitying. Go get a SATA DVD RW that can play movies, create movie DVDs, Mp3s, games, and what not???? Everything with your PC.

UPS (Un interrupted Power Supply):
If there is no power cut in your area and there are regular check ups which mat result in 10 - 20 minutes of power cut, why not you go for a UPS that gives you a 20 minutes full of entertainment, and time to save documents that are yet to be completed. UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply) which gives power back up of some time that is depended upon the size of the monitor that you use.

MOUSE: One of the external devices that is of very interactive with the computer is the so-called mouse. It helps us to select teh optins we want.

KEYBOARD:
Documentation, letter, spread sheets, what not? can you do that with out a QWERTY keyboard?

MONITOR:
Ahh!!! Without a monitor, nothing is possible except running a server which is offline and only a gateway. Watch movies, play games, and everything.

TOOLBOX:

This is required to manage some connections.
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Note:

Before REad this Article You Must Read this Page

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Installing and Configuring DHCP

If you have worked with Windows NT at all, you are probably familiar with Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) — a server service that enables the server to dynamically assign IP addresses to network clients. Because Windows 2000 networking has TCP/IP as its foundation, DHCP also plays an important role in Windows 2000 networks.

For the exam, you need to know how to install and configure DHCP on a Windows 2000 server, as well as how to manage its operations. 

What Is DHCP?

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a server service that dynamically assigns, or leases, IP addresses and related IP information to network clients. At first glance, this may not seem like an important task. However, you have to remember that, on a TCP/IP network, each network client must have a unique IP address and an appropriate subnet mask. Without these items, a client cannot communicate on the network. For example, if two clients have the same IP address, neither will be able to communicate on the network.
Back in its early days, TCP/IP gained the reputation of being a high-overhead protocol — it required more configuration than other networking protocols. The prospect of having to visit each client machine and manually enter a correct IP address and subnet mask without making a duplication error was enough to give network administrators severe panic attacks.
DHCP handles all this work automatically. Each client gets a unique IP address, subnet mask, and other IP information such as default gateways and the IP addresses of WINS (Windows Internet Name Service) and DNS (Domain Name System) servers. DHCP makes certain that no clients have duplicate addresses, and this entire process is invisible to network administrators and network users. As you can see, DHCP is very important, and the exam expects you to know how to install and configure it.

How DHCP Works


DHCP works by leasing IP addresses and IP information to network clients for a period of time. For the lease to happen, the following negotiation process occurs:

1. During the boot process, a client computer that is configured as a DHCP client sends out a broadcast packet called DHCPDISCOVER. This Discover packet contains the client's computer name and Media Access Control (MAC) address so the DHCP servers can respond to it. Basically, the Discover packet says, "I'm looking for a DHCP server who can lease an IP address."

2. DHCP servers on the network respond to the broadcast with a DHCPOFFER. In essence, the DHCPOFFER says, "I am a DHCP server and I have a lease for you." If several DHCP servers respond to the request, the client accepts the first offer that it receives.

3. The client responds via a broadcast message called a DHCPREQUEST. This message basically says, "I accept your lease offer and would like an IP address." If other DHCP servers made offers, they also see their lease offers were not accepted by the broadcast message, so they rescind their offers. (They must not like getting snubbed by a client computer.)

4. The DHCP server whose offer was accepted responds with a DHCPACK message, which acknowledges the lease acceptance and contains the client's IP address lease as well as other IP addressing information that you configure the server to provide. The client is now a TCP/IP client and can participate on the network.

Keep in mind that a lease is for a period of time. Typically, a client can keep its IP address for several days (or whatever you configure). When half the lease time expires, the client attempts to renew its lease for the IP address. After a client obtains the lease for an IP address, it attempts to keep the lease by renewing it over and over. If unsuccessful, the client simply must get a new IP address lease.

Reviewing Important DHCP Terms
 
You should memorize the DHCP terms listed in Table 1, because you need to know them for the exam.

Table 1: Important DHCP Terms

DHCP Term	What It Means
Scope	A full range of IP addresses that can be leased from a particular DHCP server.
Superscope	A grouping of scopes used to support logical IP subnets that exist on one physical IP subnet (called a multinet).
Multicast Scope	A scope that contains multicast IP addresses, which treat multicast clients as a group. Multicast is an extension of DHCP and uses a multicast address range of 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255.
Address Pool	The IP addresses in a scope that are available for lease.
Exclusion Range	A group of IP address in the scope that are excluded from leasing. Excluded addresses are normally used to give hardware devices, such as routers, a static IP address.
Reservation	A means for assigning a permanent IP address to a particular client, server, or hardware device. Reservations are typically made for servers or hardware devices that need a static IP address.
Lease	The amount of time that a client may use an IP address before the client must re-lease the IP address or request another one.

Installing DHCP
 
As with other networking components in Windows 2000 Server, you can install DHCP in either of two ways:

• Using Add/Remove Programs in the Control Panel

• Using the Configure Your Server tool

Like most other Windows 2000 components, DHCP functions as a Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-in. After you install DHCP, you must configure the service for operation.

To open the DHCP Manager, click Start --> Programs --> Administrative Tools --> DHCP. The right pane within the snap-in tells you that you must configure the service.

DHCP does not begin leasing IP addresses and it is not functional until an administrator configures it.

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Compare The Differences Between Two Text Files

Quickly and easily compare the differences between two groups of text using the online tool Diff Checker. Simply copy and paste the text you wish to compare into the two boxes and click the Compare button. Using Quick Diff you can quickly identify missing text, differences in capitalization, punctuation, etc. online without having to download any programs.

Click the Link Below to check now

Quick Diff Checker

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How to Make Bootable USB in Windows 7 or Windows Vista?

Bootable USB Disk

Now as the computer technology is commonly relying on the USB technology, therefore having a bootable USB is also going to become a necessary item in order to install an operating system (like windows) on your computer especially on Laptops or Netbooks. Even in Netbook,bootable USB is considered as an essential option to have.

Bootable USB is also considered an easiest and faster way to install a Windows operating system on any laptop, personal computer or on any Netbook instead of using normal or I must say conventional DVDs for the purpose and it can also be prepared or created with the following very simple steps using Microsoft Windows 7 or Windows Vista:

• First of all, a USB stick should be plug with your computer and 4GB+ USB is preferable to make bootable universal serial bus
• If there is any important or useful data stored on your USB then must clear it or save it on other place as your USB would be formatted in this process
• Now you need to go to DOS mode and should be clicked on Command Prompt for the purpose located at the Accessories Menu in the All Programs tab and can also be accessed through typing CMD in the searchfield of Start Menu
• Now type DISKPART in Command Prompt and enter
• Then LIST DISK should be typed and enter again

Below mentioned commands that are simple and need not to explain in detailif you have some computer background, must be typed and enter exactly in the sequence provided below if the intention is to create or prepare abootable USB:

• First of all type “SEELCT DISK 1” and hit enter
• Then “CLEAN” should be typed and press enter
• Then “CREATE PARTITION PRIMARY” should be typed and press enter
• Then “ACTIVE” should be typed and press enter
• Then “FORMAT FS=NTFS” should be typed and press enter
• Then “ASSIGN” should be typed and press enter
• Then “EXIT” should be typed and press enter

That’s it, you did it eventually and bootable USB is now in your hand to use as per demand.

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Common Hardware Error And Solutions

1. MONITOR LED IS BLINKING 
Check all the connections like Monitor Cable, Data cables,RAM, Display Card , CPU connections. 

2. CONTINUOUS THREE BEEPS 
Problem in RAM Connection. 

3. THREE BEEPS 
( 1 Long 2 Short)
Problem in Display Card Connection 

4. THREE LONG BEEPS PERIOD WISE 
Problem in BIOS or RAM (Basic Input Output System) 

5. CONTINUOUS NON-STOP BEEPING 
Key Board Problem (I.e.; Some Key is pressed for Longer time) 


6. HDD LED IS GLOWING CONTINUOUSLY 
Data cable to be connected properly (twisted cable) . 

7. NO DISPLAY ON THE SCREEN AT ALL 
Hard Disk cable connected wrongly. Connect rightly seeing the Red mark (Faces power supply) and then Restart. 

8. POWER LED IS OFF 
a. Check main power cord
b. Check S.M.P.S.
c. Check Mother Board connection 

9. SHOWING CMOS ERROR 
Replace 3 Volt battery of Mother Board . Set Original Settings Manually.(Refer CMOS Setup chart)
Enter your search termsSubmit search form 

10. SHOWING FDD ERROR OR FLOPPY DRIVE IS NOT WORKING PROPERLY 
Check Power cord of FDD , Data Cables , set CMOS & Finally the Check drive.


11. SHOWING HDD ERROR OR HARD DISK FAILURE 
a. Check Power Cord 
b. Check connection of HDD 
c. Check Data cable 
d. Check Hard Disk parameters in CMOS or Auto detecting Setting Partitions by Fdisk Command, then format it to set track 0. 

12. MOTHER BOARD HANGS DUE TO UNSTABILIZED POWER SUPPLY 
a. Check S.M.P.S 
b. RAM not functioning properly. 
c. Software problem (due to using pirated software) 
d. CPU fan not functioning properly. 

13. DANCING SCREEN 
a. Check Display card connection 
b. Virus Problem 
c. Video Memory Problem 

14. SHAKING SCREEN 
a. Earthing problem 
b. Magnetic waves comes around. 

15. CPU CABINET SHOCK 
a. Check Earthing 
b. Check main power cord. 

16. NON-SYSTEM DISK ERROR 
a. Floppy Drive having different disk (Non-Bootable Disk) OR CMOS Parameters for Hard Disk may not be set properly. 
b. Hard Disk Partitions may not be created. 
c. Hard Disk may not be formatted. 

17. MISSING OPERATING SYSTEM 
The System files missing namely Ie; command.com} - User File IO.SYS & MS_DOS.SYS } - Hidden Files. These above three files required for Start up of the system that can be transferred by using SYS C: Command OR While the time of formatting by using Format c:/u/s 

18. MISSING COMMAND INTERPRETOR 
May the file Command.com is corrupted OR Infected by Virus OR Some one has Erased it. 

19. SHOWING I/O ERROR 
a. The type of Hard Disk in CMOS may not be set properly. 
b. Operating system used for formatting is not valid 

20. SHOWING DIVIDE OVER- FLOW MESSAGE 
a. May some Directories or Files crash with other files. 
b. Use CHKDSK/F or SCANDISK Command to correct it.

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Breif History of Computers

First mechanical computer or automatic computing engine concept

In 1822, Charles Babbage purposed and began developing the Difference Engine, considered to be the first automatic computing engine that was capable of computing several sets of numbers and making a hard copies of

the results. Unfortunately, because of funding he was never able to complete a full-scale functional version of this machine. However, in June of 1991 the London Science Museum completed the Difference Engine No 2 for the bicentennial year of Babbage's birth and later completed the printing mechanism in 2000.

Later in 1837 Charles Babbage proposed the first general mechanical computer, the Analytical Engine. The Analytical Engine contained an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), basic flow control, and integrated memory and is the first general-purpose computer concept. Unfortunately because of funding issues this computer was also never built while Charles Babbage's was alive. However, in1910 Henry Babbage, Charles Babbage's youngest son was able to complete a portion of this machine and was able to perform basic calculations.

First programmable computer

The Z1 originally created by Germany's Konrad Zuse in his parents living room in1936 to 1938 is considered to be the first electro-mechanical binary programmable computer and really the first functional computer.

The first electric programmable computer

The Colossus was the first electric programmable computer developed by Tommy Flowers and first demonstrated in December 1943. The Colossus was created to help the British code breakers read encrypted German messages.

The first digital computer

Short for Atanasoff-Berry Computer, the ABC started being developed by Professor John Vincent Atanasoff and graduate student Cliff Berry in 1937 and continued to be developed until 1942 at the Iowa State College (now Iowa State University). The ABC was an electrical computer that used vacuum tubes for digital computation including binary math and Boolean logic and had no CPU. On October 19, 1973, the US Federal Judge Earl R. Larson signed his decision that the ENIAC patent by Eckert and Mauchly was invalid and named Atanasoff the inventor of the electronic digital computer.

The ENIAC was invented by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania and began construction in 1943 and was not completed until1946. It occupied about 1,800 square feet and used about 18,000 vacuum tubes, weighing almost 50 tons. Although the Judge ruled that the ABC computer was the first digital computer, many still consider the ENIAC to be the first digital computer because it was fully functional.

The first stored program computer

The early British computer known as the EDSAC is considered to be the first stored program electronic computer. The computer performed its first calculation on May 6, 1949 and was the computer that ran the first graphical computer game.

The first computer company

The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company and was founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, the same individuals who helped create the ENIAC computer. The company was later renamed to EMCC or Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation and released a series of mainframe computers under the UNIVAC name.

First stored program computer

First delivered to the United States Government in 1950, the UNIVAC 1101 or ERA 1101 is considered to be the first computer that was capable of storing and running a program from memory.

First commercial computer

In 1942, Konrad Zuse begin working on the Z4, which later became the first commercial computer after being sold to Eduard Stiefel a mathematician of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich on July 12, 1950.

The first PC (IBM compatible) computer

On April 7, 1953 IBM publicly introduced the 701, its first electric computer and first mass produced computer. Later IBM introduced its first personal computer called the IBM PC in 1981. The computer was code named and still sometimes referred to as the Acorn and had a 8088 processor, 16 KB of memory, which was expandable to 256 and utilizing MS-DOS.

The first computer with RAM

 MIT introduces the Whirlwind machine on March 8, 1955, a revolutionary computer that was the first digital computer with magnetic core RAM and real-time graphics.

The first transistor computer

The TX-O (Transistorized Experimental computer) is the first transistorizedcomputer to be demonstrated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in1956.

The first minicomputer

In 1960, Digital Equipment Corporation released its first of many PDP computers the PDP-1.

The first mass-market PC

In 1968, Hewlett Packard began marketing the first mass-marketed PC, the HP 9100A.

The first workstation

Although never sold the first workstation is considered to be the Xerox Alto, introduced in 1974. The computer was revolutionary for its time and included a fully functional computer, display, and mouse. The computer operated like many computers today utilizing windows, menus and icons as an interface to its operating system.

The first microprocessor

Intel introduces the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004 on November 15, 1971.

The first personal computer

In 1975, Ed Roberts coined the term personal computer when he introduced the Altair 8800. Although the first personal computer is considered by many to be the Kenback-1, which was first introduced for $750 in 1971. The computer relied on a series of switches for inputting data and output data by turning on and off a series of lights.

The Micral is considered the be the first commercial non-assembly computer. The computer used the Intel 8008 processor and sold for $1,750 in 1973.

The first laptop or portable computer

The IBM 5100 is the first portable computer, which was released on September1975. The computer weighed 55 pounds and had a five inch CRT display, tape drive, 1.9MHz PALM processor, and 64KB of RAM. In the picture to the right, is an ad of the IBM 5100 taken from a November 1975 issue of Scientific America.

The first truly portable computer or laptop is considered to be the Osborne I, which was released on April 1981. The Osborne I was developed by Adam Osborne and weighed 24 pounds, had a 5-inch display, 64 KB of memory, two 5 1/4" floppy drives, and a modem.

The IBM PC Division (PCD) later released the IBM portable in 1984, it's first portable computer that weighed in at 30 pounds. Later in 1986, IBM PCD announced it's first laptop computer, the PC Convertible, weighing 12 pounds. Finally, in 1994, IBM introduced the IBM ThinkPad 775CD, the first notebook with an integrated CD-ROM.

The first Apple computer

Steve Wozniak designed the first Apple known as the Apple I computer in 1976.

The first PC clone

The Compaq Portable is considered to be the first PC clone and was release in March 1983 by Compaq. The Compaq Portable was 100% compatible with IBM computers and was capable of running any software developed for IBM computers.

The first multimedia computer

In 1992, Tandy Radio Shack becomes one of the first companies to release a computer based on the MPC standard with its introduction of the M2500 XL/2 and M4020 SX computers.

Other major computer company firsts

Below is a listing of some of the major computers companies first computers.

Compaq - In March 1983, Compaq released its first computer and the first 100% IBM compatible computer the "Compaq Portable."
Dell - In 1985, Dell introduced its first computer, the "Turbo PC."
Hewlett Packard - In 1966, Hewlett Packard released its first general computer, the "HP-2115."
NEC - In 1958, NEC builds its first computer the "NEAC 1101."
Toshiba - In 1954, Toshiba introduces its first computer, the "TAC" digital computer.

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Font Installation in LINUX

Download a Fonts & Open Font File

Click Install Font
OR
We can Also Copy the Font Files into Font Folder
Done!!!

Some Cases not Working After Installing Fonts
Then We must do to Refresh System Font Cache

To Refresh System Font :

Open Terminal
Type:  fc-cache -v -f


Find Font Folders:

Open,  Places ->File syetem -> etc-> fonts 
Open    fonts.cfg  File

Above Figure Shows the Directory List
Common Directories are:

1)usr/share/font

2)usr/XIIR6/lib/XII/fonts

3)usr/local/share/fonts

4)home/(user name)/ /.fonts


First 3 are Visible Directories,  4th is Hidden

To view Hidden Files:

put a tick mark in "Show Hidden Files" in FIle browser window

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