Common Hardware Error And Solutions

1. MONITOR LED IS BLINKING 
Check all the connections like Monitor Cable, Data cables,RAM, Display Card , CPU connections. 

2. CONTINUOUS THREE BEEPS 
Problem in RAM Connection. 

3. THREE BEEPS 
( 1 Long 2 Short)
Problem in Display Card Connection 

4. THREE LONG BEEPS PERIOD WISE 
Problem in BIOS or RAM (Basic Input Output System) 

5. CONTINUOUS NON-STOP BEEPING 
Key Board Problem (I.e.; Some Key is pressed for Longer time) 


6. HDD LED IS GLOWING CONTINUOUSLY 
Data cable to be connected properly (twisted cable) . 

7. NO DISPLAY ON THE SCREEN AT ALL 
Hard Disk cable connected wrongly. Connect rightly seeing the Red mark (Faces power supply) and then Restart. 

8. POWER LED IS OFF 
a. Check main power cord
b. Check S.M.P.S.
c. Check Mother Board connection 

9. SHOWING CMOS ERROR 
Replace 3 Volt battery of Mother Board . Set Original Settings Manually.(Refer CMOS Setup chart)
Enter your search termsSubmit search form 

10. SHOWING FDD ERROR OR FLOPPY DRIVE IS NOT WORKING PROPERLY 
Check Power cord of FDD , Data Cables , set CMOS & Finally the Check drive.


11. SHOWING HDD ERROR OR HARD DISK FAILURE 
a. Check Power Cord 
b. Check connection of HDD 
c. Check Data cable 
d. Check Hard Disk parameters in CMOS or Auto detecting Setting Partitions by Fdisk Command, then format it to set track 0. 

12. MOTHER BOARD HANGS DUE TO UNSTABILIZED POWER SUPPLY 
a. Check S.M.P.S 
b. RAM not functioning properly. 
c. Software problem (due to using pirated software) 
d. CPU fan not functioning properly. 

13. DANCING SCREEN 
a. Check Display card connection 
b. Virus Problem 
c. Video Memory Problem 

14. SHAKING SCREEN 
a. Earthing problem 
b. Magnetic waves comes around. 

15. CPU CABINET SHOCK 
a. Check Earthing 
b. Check main power cord. 

16. NON-SYSTEM DISK ERROR 
a. Floppy Drive having different disk (Non-Bootable Disk) OR CMOS Parameters for Hard Disk may not be set properly. 
b. Hard Disk Partitions may not be created. 
c. Hard Disk may not be formatted. 

17. MISSING OPERATING SYSTEM 
The System files missing namely Ie; command.com} - User File IO.SYS & MS_DOS.SYS } - Hidden Files. These above three files required for Start up of the system that can be transferred by using SYS C: Command OR While the time of formatting by using Format c:/u/s 

18. MISSING COMMAND INTERPRETOR 
May the file Command.com is corrupted OR Infected by Virus OR Some one has Erased it. 

19. SHOWING I/O ERROR 
a. The type of Hard Disk in CMOS may not be set properly. 
b. Operating system used for formatting is not valid 

20. SHOWING DIVIDE OVER- FLOW MESSAGE 
a. May some Directories or Files crash with other files. 
b. Use CHKDSK/F or SCANDISK Command to correct it.

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Breif History of Computers

First mechanical computer or automatic computing engine concept

In 1822, Charles Babbage purposed and began developing the Difference Engine, considered to be the first automatic computing engine that was capable of computing several sets of numbers and making a hard copies of

the results. Unfortunately, because of funding he was never able to complete a full-scale functional version of this machine. However, in June of 1991 the London Science Museum completed the Difference Engine No 2 for the bicentennial year of Babbage's birth and later completed the printing mechanism in 2000.

Later in 1837 Charles Babbage proposed the first general mechanical computer, the Analytical Engine. The Analytical Engine contained an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), basic flow control, and integrated memory and is the first general-purpose computer concept. Unfortunately because of funding issues this computer was also never built while Charles Babbage's was alive. However, in1910 Henry Babbage, Charles Babbage's youngest son was able to complete a portion of this machine and was able to perform basic calculations.

First programmable computer

The Z1 originally created by Germany's Konrad Zuse in his parents living room in1936 to 1938 is considered to be the first electro-mechanical binary programmable computer and really the first functional computer.

The first electric programmable computer

The Colossus was the first electric programmable computer developed by Tommy Flowers and first demonstrated in December 1943. The Colossus was created to help the British code breakers read encrypted German messages.

The first digital computer

Short for Atanasoff-Berry Computer, the ABC started being developed by Professor John Vincent Atanasoff and graduate student Cliff Berry in 1937 and continued to be developed until 1942 at the Iowa State College (now Iowa State University). The ABC was an electrical computer that used vacuum tubes for digital computation including binary math and Boolean logic and had no CPU. On October 19, 1973, the US Federal Judge Earl R. Larson signed his decision that the ENIAC patent by Eckert and Mauchly was invalid and named Atanasoff the inventor of the electronic digital computer.

The ENIAC was invented by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania and began construction in 1943 and was not completed until1946. It occupied about 1,800 square feet and used about 18,000 vacuum tubes, weighing almost 50 tons. Although the Judge ruled that the ABC computer was the first digital computer, many still consider the ENIAC to be the first digital computer because it was fully functional.

The first stored program computer

The early British computer known as the EDSAC is considered to be the first stored program electronic computer. The computer performed its first calculation on May 6, 1949 and was the computer that ran the first graphical computer game.

The first computer company

The first computer company was the Electronic Controls Company and was founded in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, the same individuals who helped create the ENIAC computer. The company was later renamed to EMCC or Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation and released a series of mainframe computers under the UNIVAC name.

First stored program computer

First delivered to the United States Government in 1950, the UNIVAC 1101 or ERA 1101 is considered to be the first computer that was capable of storing and running a program from memory.

First commercial computer

In 1942, Konrad Zuse begin working on the Z4, which later became the first commercial computer after being sold to Eduard Stiefel a mathematician of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich on July 12, 1950.

The first PC (IBM compatible) computer

On April 7, 1953 IBM publicly introduced the 701, its first electric computer and first mass produced computer. Later IBM introduced its first personal computer called the IBM PC in 1981. The computer was code named and still sometimes referred to as the Acorn and had a 8088 processor, 16 KB of memory, which was expandable to 256 and utilizing MS-DOS.

The first computer with RAM

 MIT introduces the Whirlwind machine on March 8, 1955, a revolutionary computer that was the first digital computer with magnetic core RAM and real-time graphics.

The first transistor computer

The TX-O (Transistorized Experimental computer) is the first transistorizedcomputer to be demonstrated at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in1956.

The first minicomputer

In 1960, Digital Equipment Corporation released its first of many PDP computers the PDP-1.

The first mass-market PC

In 1968, Hewlett Packard began marketing the first mass-marketed PC, the HP 9100A.

The first workstation

Although never sold the first workstation is considered to be the Xerox Alto, introduced in 1974. The computer was revolutionary for its time and included a fully functional computer, display, and mouse. The computer operated like many computers today utilizing windows, menus and icons as an interface to its operating system.

The first microprocessor

Intel introduces the first microprocessor, the Intel 4004 on November 15, 1971.

The first personal computer

In 1975, Ed Roberts coined the term personal computer when he introduced the Altair 8800. Although the first personal computer is considered by many to be the Kenback-1, which was first introduced for $750 in 1971. The computer relied on a series of switches for inputting data and output data by turning on and off a series of lights.

The Micral is considered the be the first commercial non-assembly computer. The computer used the Intel 8008 processor and sold for $1,750 in 1973.

The first laptop or portable computer

The IBM 5100 is the first portable computer, which was released on September1975. The computer weighed 55 pounds and had a five inch CRT display, tape drive, 1.9MHz PALM processor, and 64KB of RAM. In the picture to the right, is an ad of the IBM 5100 taken from a November 1975 issue of Scientific America.

The first truly portable computer or laptop is considered to be the Osborne I, which was released on April 1981. The Osborne I was developed by Adam Osborne and weighed 24 pounds, had a 5-inch display, 64 KB of memory, two 5 1/4" floppy drives, and a modem.

The IBM PC Division (PCD) later released the IBM portable in 1984, it's first portable computer that weighed in at 30 pounds. Later in 1986, IBM PCD announced it's first laptop computer, the PC Convertible, weighing 12 pounds. Finally, in 1994, IBM introduced the IBM ThinkPad 775CD, the first notebook with an integrated CD-ROM.

The first Apple computer

Steve Wozniak designed the first Apple known as the Apple I computer in 1976.

The first PC clone

The Compaq Portable is considered to be the first PC clone and was release in March 1983 by Compaq. The Compaq Portable was 100% compatible with IBM computers and was capable of running any software developed for IBM computers.

The first multimedia computer

In 1992, Tandy Radio Shack becomes one of the first companies to release a computer based on the MPC standard with its introduction of the M2500 XL/2 and M4020 SX computers.

Other major computer company firsts

Below is a listing of some of the major computers companies first computers.

Compaq - In March 1983, Compaq released its first computer and the first 100% IBM compatible computer the "Compaq Portable."
Dell - In 1985, Dell introduced its first computer, the "Turbo PC."
Hewlett Packard - In 1966, Hewlett Packard released its first general computer, the "HP-2115."
NEC - In 1958, NEC builds its first computer the "NEAC 1101."
Toshiba - In 1954, Toshiba introduces its first computer, the "TAC" digital computer.

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Font Installation in LINUX

Download a Fonts & Open Font File

Click Install Font
OR
We can Also Copy the Font Files into Font Folder
Done!!!

Some Cases not Working After Installing Fonts
Then We must do to Refresh System Font Cache

To Refresh System Font :

Open Terminal
Type:  fc-cache -v -f


Find Font Folders:

Open,  Places ->File syetem -> etc-> fonts 
Open    fonts.cfg  File

Above Figure Shows the Directory List
Common Directories are:

1)usr/share/font

2)usr/XIIR6/lib/XII/fonts

3)usr/local/share/fonts

4)home/(user name)/ /.fonts


First 3 are Visible Directories,  4th is Hidden

To view Hidden Files:

put a tick mark in "Show Hidden Files" in FIle browser window

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History of Windows

TIme Line of a Microsoft Product:

Year	Event
1983	Bill Gates announces Microsoft Windows November 10, 1983.
1985	Microsoft Windows 1.0 is introduced in November 20, 1985 and is initially sold for $100.00.
1987	Microsoft Windows 2.0 was released December 9, 1987 and is initially sold for $100.00.
1987	Microsoft Windows/386 or Windows 386 is introduced December 9, 1987 and is initially sold for $100.00.
1988	Microsoft Windows/286 or Windows 286 is introduced June, 1988 and is initially sold for $100.00.
1990	Microsoft Windows 3.0 was released May, 22 1990. Microsoft Windows 3.0 full version was priced at $149.95 and the upgrade version was priced at $79.95.
1991	Following its decision not to develop operating systems cooperatively with IBM, Microsoft changes the name of OS/2 to Windows NT.
1991	Microsoft Windows 3.0 or Windows 3.0a with multimedia was released October, 1991.
1992	Microsoft Windows 3.1 was released April, 1992 and sells more than 1 Million copies within the first two months of its release.
1992	Microsoft Windows for Workgroups 3.1 was released October, 1992.
1993	Microsoft Windows NT 3.1 was released July 27, 1993.
1993	Microsoft Windows 3.11, an update to Windows 3.1 is released December 31, 1993.
1993	The number of licensed users of Microsoft Windows now totals more than 25 Million.
1994	Microsoft Windows for Workgroups 3.11 was released February, 1994.
1994	Microsoft Windows NT 3.5 was released September 21, 1994.
1995	Microsoft Windows NT 3.51 was released May 30, 1995.
1995	Microsoft Windows 95 was released August 24, 1995 and sells more than 1 Million copies within 4 days.
1995	Microsoft Windows 95 Service Pack 1 (4.00.950A) is released February 14, 1996.
1996	Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 was released July 29, 1996.
1996	Microsoft Windows 95 (4.00.950B) aka OSR2 with FAT32 and MMX support is released August 24, 1996.
1996	Microsoft Windows CE 1.0 was released November, 1996.
1997	Microsoft Windows CE 2.0 was released November, 1997.
1997	Microsoft Windows 95 (4.00.950C) aka OSR2.5 is released November 26, 1997.
1998	Microsoft Windows 98 was released June, 1998.
1998	Microsoft Windows CE 2.1 was released July, 1998.
1998	In October of 1998 Microsoft announced that future releases of Windows NT would no longer have the initials of NT and that the next edition would be Windows 2000.
1999	Microsoft Windows 98 SE (Second Edition) was released May 5, 1999.
1999	Microsoft Windows CE 3.0 was released 1999.
2000	On January 4th at CES Bill Gates announces the new version of Windows CE will be called Pocket PC.
2000	Microsoft Windows 2000 was released February 17, 2000.
2000	Microsoft Windows ME (Millennium) released June 19, 2000.
2001	Microsoft Windows XP is released October 25, 2001.
2001	Microsoft Windows XP 64-Bit Edition (Version 2002) for Itanium systems is released March 28, 2003.
2003	Microsoft Windows Server 2003 is released March 28, 2003.
2003	Microsoft Windows XP 64-Bit Edition (Version 2003) for Itanium 2 systems is released on March 28, 2003.
2003	Microsoft Windows XP Media Center Edition 2003 is released on December 18, 2003.
2004	Microsoft Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005 is released on October 12, 2004.
2005	Microsoft Windows XP Professional x64 Edition is released on April 24, 2005.
2005	Microsoft announces it's next operating system, codenamed "Longhorn" will be named Windows Vista on July 23, 2005.
2006	Microsoft releases Microsoft Windows Vista to corporations on November 30, 2006.
2007	Microsoft releases Microsoft Windows Vista and Office 2007 to the general public January 30, 2007.
2009	Microsoft releases Windows 7 October 22, 2009.

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Fedora Installation Step By Step

> Restart PC


> Enter BIOS SetUp Utility
> Change the Boot Order to CD/DVD Drive
> Save that Configuration

> Automativally Restart Your PC & Boot From Cd
> Select the Option "Install or Update "
To start installation, double click on Install to Hard Drive icon or right click and select open.

Wait until Installation welcome screen appear. Click Next.


Select your keyboard layout. Click Next.



Click on Re-Initialize drive. Click Next.


I leave to default and click Next.


Select your city and click Next. (Asia/Culcutta)


Create your password and click Next.


I leave to default and click Next.


Select Write changes to disk and click Next.


Formatting start.


Installation now start.


Post Installation.


Installation complete.


Close the window and shutdown your system Fedora 12 Live System User.
After Restarting
Enter BIOS Setup Utility
Change your Fedora 12 first boot setting to Hard Disk.
Start your Fedora 12.

You need to set some configuration before Fedora 12 can be use.
On the welcome screen click Forward.


License Information. Already understand, click Forward.


Create user name and password. Click Forward.


Setting date and time. Click Forward.


Showing your Hardware Profile. Click Finish.


You can log in now and happy to use Fedora 12.


My Fedora 12 default starting screen.


This is the Screenshot of Fedora 12


Related Topics:


Click Here to Install Windows Xp
Click here to Install Ubuntu
Click Here to install RHEL 6

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First personal computers

IBM PC

The IBM PC was introduced in 1981. It was perhaps the first to wear the "PC" label, but that was IBM's only innovation.

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
IBM	5150 PC	1981	?	8088/VLSI	desktop

Apple][

the 1977 Apple ][ was the first highly successful mass-produced personal computer, but not the first personal computer. Nor was the 1976 Apple 1, which can be considered an Apple ][ prototype since only 200 or so were made.

The Apple 1 signaled the end of toggle switches and blinkenlights, and launched the interactive graphical microcomputer as a new class of machine.

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
Apple	Apple ][	April 1977	$1295	6502/LSI	desktop
Apple	Apple 1	May 1976	$666	6502/LSI	single-board

IBM 5100

The 5100 was just one of several personal computers IBM made before the PC. It was followed by the 5110, the 5120, the Datamaster, and then finally the 5150 PC. 

 

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
IBM	5100 portable Computer	September 1975	$9000-$20,000	LSI	portable all-in-one
IBM	5110	1978	?	LSI?	portable all-in-one
IBM	5120	1980	?	LSI?	all-in-one with build-in 8" floppies
IBM	Datamaster	1981	?	LSI/8085	all-in-one with build-in 8" floppies

MITS Altair

You're way off! The Altair, introduced in January 1975, was the first computer to be produced in fairly high quantity, and it was the first computer to run Microsoft software, but we're not sure that's a good thing.

Unfortunately for computer history buffs, the Altair is often mistakenly called the first personal computer by Microsoft-loving journalists who don't know any better

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
MITS	Altair 8800	January 1975	$439 for kit, $621 assembled	8080/LSI	S-100 desktop box

 
SCELBI-8H

the Scelbi-8H (1973) was another microcomputer that preceded the Altair. Like the Altair, it was available from the manufacturer both as a kit and as a pre-assembled computer.

The machine was designed by Nat Wadsworth.

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
Scelbi	8H	1973	$565	8008/LSI	desktop

HP -65

Some people consider the HP 65, introduced in 1973, a mere calculator, but it was fully programmable; you could even play games on it. HP even called it a personal computer in their introductory article in the HP Journal, but it wasn't the first. 

 HP Claculator Museum
 

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
Hewlett Packard	65	1973	$795	LSI	handheld

Xerox Alto

The Alto, introduced in 1973, but never commercially produced, was perhaps the most innovative design in computer history: it had a mouse, a GUI, an object-oriented OS and development tools, and fast networking with the first ethernet cards. These are features that wouldn't be common until 10 years later, and even 20 years later some of them were still cutting edge

 Xerox Workstation Collections

 

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
Xerox	Alto	April 1973	N/A	MSI	workstation

HP 9830

The HP 9830, introduced in 1972, was the first desktop all-in-one computer. It even had BASIC in ROM, but few people know about it because HP marketed it primarily to scientists and engineers, very quiet people.

Even earlier (1968), HP produced a similar desktop machine called the 9100. However, since it didn't have a full alphanumeric keyboard or display, it is generally considered a sophisticated programmable calculator rather than a general-purpose computer. According to one researcher, the term personal computer was first used to describe the 9100A.

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
Hewlett Packard	9830A	1972	$5975	MSI	desktop all-in-one

Kenbak-1

the Kenbak was designed by John Blankenbaker, introduced in 1971 and sold through small ads in magazines like Scientific American. It was affordable and small, but far from the first.

This otherwise obscure machine was named "first personal computer" by a smart group of judges under the auspices of a contest held by The Computer Museum in Boston in 1986

 Computer Museum

 

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
Kenbak	Kenbak-1	1971	$750	MSI	desktop

DEC PDP-8

the PDP-8, introduced in 1965, was available as a desktop model as early as 1968, and while it was too expensive for most people, and required racks of peripherals to be useful, it was very personal for its time.

The PDP-8 inspired Steven Gray to found the Amateur Computer Society and publish the ACS Newsletter, the first spark of the hobbyist movement predicted by Edmund C. Berkeley almost 20 years earlier. 

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
DEC	PDP-8	1965	?	SSI, core memory	desktop

 
Heathkit EC-1

The EC-1, introduced in 1959, was a small inexpensive desktop computer. It was available as a kit for under $200! But it wasn't digital. It was analog, and could be used to solve certain types of problems, but it's not what most people think of as a computer today. 

 

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
Heathkit	EC-1	1959	$199	analog tubes	desktop

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